PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 2e - FULL LIST OF CONTENTS!!
publication due mid-2014
publication due mid-2014
PART 1 – INTRODUCING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: CONCEPTS, PROCEDURES & PRACTICES
CHAPTER 1 – AN INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: CONCEPTS, PARADIGMS & STIGMA
Introduction
1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
1.1.1 Demonic Possession
1.1.2 The Medical or Disease Model
1.1.3 From Asylums to Community Care
1.1.4 Summary
1.2 DEFINING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
1.2.1 Deviation from the Statistical Norm
1.2.2 Deviation from Social & Political Norms
1.2.3 Maladaptive Behaviour & Harmful Dysfunction
1.2.4 Distress & Disability
1.2.6 Summary
1.3 EXPLANATORY APPROACHES TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
1.3.1 Biological Models
1.3.1.1 Genetics
1.3.1.2 Neuroscience
Brain Structure & Function
Brain Neurotransmitters
1.3.1.3 Summary
1.3.2 Psychological Models
1.3.2.1 The Psychoanalytical or Psychodynamic Model
1.3.2.2 The Behavioural Model
1.3.2.3 The Cognitive Model
1.3.2.4 The Humanist-Existential Approach
1.4 MENTAL HEALTH & STIGMA
What is Mental Health Stigma?
Who Holds Stigmatizing Beliefs about Mental Health Problems?
What Factors Cause Stigma?
Why Does Stigma Matter?
How Can we Eliminate Stigma?
Summary
CHAPTER 2 – CLASSIFICATION & ASSESSMENT IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction
2.1 CLASSIFYING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
2.1.1 The Development of Classification Systems
2.1.2 DSM-5
Defining & Diagnosing Psychopathology
General Problems with Classification
Changes in DSM-5
Criticisms of Changes in DSM-5
2.1.3 Conclusions
2.2 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
2.2.1 The Reliability and Validity of Assessment Methods
2.2.1.1 Reliability
2.2.1.2 Validity
2.2.2 Clinical Interviews
The Nature of Clinical Interviews
Structured Interviews
Limitations of the Clinical Interview
2.2.3 Psychological Tests
Personality Inventories
Specific Trait Inventories
Projective Tests
Intelligence Tests
Neurological Impairment Tests
2.2.4 Biologically-Based Assessments`
Psychophysiological Tests
Neuroimaging Techniques
2.2.5 Clinical Observation
2.2.6 Cultural Bias in Assessment
Examples of Cultural Anomalies in Assessment and Diagnosis
Causes of Cultural Anomalies in Assessment and Diagnosis
Addressing Cultural Anomalies in Assessment and Diagnosis
2.3 CASE FORMULATION
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction
3.1 RESEARCH AND SCIENCE
3.1.1 What is Research?
3.1.2 Scientific Method
3.2 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH – WHAT DO WE WANT TO FIND OUT?
3.2.1 How does clinical psychology research help us to understand psychopathology?
3.2.2 What questions do clinical psychologists use research to try and answer?
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGNS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
3.3.1 Correlational Designs
3.3.2 Longitudinal Studies and Prospective Designs
3.3.3 Epidemiological Studies
3.3.4 Experimental Designs
3.3.4.1 Basic Features of the Experimental Method
3.3.4.2 Uses of the Experiment in Clinical Psychology Research
3.3.4.3 Summary
3.3.5 Mixed Designs
3.3.6 Natural Experiments
3.3.7 Single Case Studies
3.3.7.1 Case Studies
3.3.7.2 Single-Case Experiments
3.3.8 Meta-analyses & Systematic Reviews
3.3.9 Qualitative Methods
3.3.9.1 Conducting and Analysing Qualitative Studies
3.3.9.2 Summary
3.3.10 Summary of Research Designs in Clinical Psychology
3.4 ETHICAL ISSUES IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH
3.4.1 Informed Consent
3.4.2 Causing Distress or Withholding Benefits
3.4.3 Privacy and Confidentiality
3.4.4 Summary of Ethical Issues
3.5 RESEARCH METHODS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY REVISITED
CHAPTER 4 – TREATING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Introduction
4.1 THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF TREATMENTS FOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
4.1.1 Theoretical Approaches to Treatment
4.1.1.1 Psychodynamic Approaches
4.1.1.2 Behaviour Therapy
Therapies based on Classical Conditioning Principles
Therapies based on Operant Conditioning Principles
4.1.1.3 Cognitive Therapies
The Origins of Cognitive Therapy
‘Waves’ of CBT
4.1.1.4 Humanistic Therapies
4.1.1.5 Family & Systemic Therapies
4.1.1.6 Drug Treatments
Drug Treatments for Depression
Drug Treatments for Anxiety
Drug Treatments for Psychosis
Problems with Drug Treatments
4.1.1.7 Summary of Theoretical Approaches to Treatment
4.1.2 Modes of Treatment Delivery
Group Therapy
Counselling
Computerized CBT (CCBT)
E-Therapy
“Telepsychiatry” – Therapy by telephone & Videoconferencing
Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT)
Summary
4.2 EVALUATING TREATMENT
4.2.1 Factors affecting the Evaluation of Treatments
Spontaneous Remission
Placebo Effects
Unstructured Attention, Understanding & Caring
4.2.2 Methods of Assessing the Effectiveness of Treatments
4.2.2.1 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
What are RCTs?
Problems with RCTs
4.2.2.2 Meta-analyses & Systematic Reviews
4.2.3 What Treatments are Effective?
Is Treatment more Effective than No Treatment?
4.2.4 Summary
4.3 TREATING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY REVIEWED
CHAPTER 5 – CLINICAL PRACTICE
Introduction
5.1 THE ECONOMIC COST OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
5.2 WHO ARE MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS?
5.3 PROVIDING MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
5.3.1 What Facilities are Available?
5.3.2 How are Mental Health Services Structured?
5.3.3 The Recovery Model
5.4 THE ROLE OF THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
5.4.1 Key Capabilities & Competencies
5.4.2 The Reflective Practitioner Model
5.4.3 Regulation & Continuing Professional Development
5.4.4 Training to be a Clinical Psychologist
5.4.4.1 Pre-Training Qualifications & Experiences
5.4.4.2 Clinical Training
5.5 CLINICAL PRACTICE REVIEWED
PART 2 – PSYCHOPATHOLOGY & PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
CHAPTER 6 – ANXIETY & STRESSOR-RELATED PROBLEMS
Introduction
Anxiety as a Comorbid Condition
6.1 SPECIFIC PHOBIAS
Prevalence
Common Phobias
6.1.1 The Aetiology of Specific Phobias
Psychoanalytic Accounts
Classical Conditioning & Phobias
Biological Accounts of Phobias – The Role of Evolution
Biological Accounts of Phobias – Neuroimaging Studies
Multiple Pathways to Phobias
6.1.2 The Treatment of Specific Phobias
6.2 SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER
Prevalence
6.2.1 The Aetiology of Social Anxiety Disorder
Genetic Factors
Familial & Developmental Factors
Cognitive Factors
6.2.2 The Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder
6.3 PANIC DISORDER & AGORAPHOBIA
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia
Prevalence
6.3.1 The Aetiology of Panic Disorder & Agoraphobia
6.3.1.1 The Aetiology of Panic Disorder
6.3.1.1.1 Biological Theories of Panic Disorder
The Role of Hyperventilation
Noradrenergic Overactivity
6.3.1.1.2 Psychological Theories of Panic Disorder
Classical Conditioning
Anxiety Sensitivity
Catastrophic Misinterpretation of Bodily Sensations
The Role of Safety Behaviours
Summary
6.3.2 The Treatment of Panic Disorder
6.4 GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD)
Diagnosis & Prevalence
6.4.1 The Aetiology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
6.4.1.1 Biological Theories
6.4.1.2 Psychological Theories
Information Processing in GAD
Beliefs, Meta-Beliefs & the Function of Worry
Dispositional Characteristics of Worriers
6.4.2 The Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
6.4.2.1 Pharmacological Treatments
6.4.2.2 Psychological Treatments
Stimulus Control Treatment
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
6.5 OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)
Diagnosis & Prevalence
OCD-Related Disorders
6.5.1 The Aetiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
6.5.1.1 Biological Factors
6.5.1.2 Psychological Factors
6.5.1.2.1 Memory Deficits
6.5.1.2.2 Clinical Constructs & OCD
Inflated Responsibility
Thought-Action Fusion
Mental Contamination
6.5.1.2.3 Thought Suppression
6.5.1.2.4 Perseveration & the Role of Mood
6.5.1.2.5 Summary
6.5.2 The Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Exposure & Ritual Prevention Treatments (EPR)
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
Pharmacological & Neurosurgical Treatments
6.6 TRAUMA & STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS
Diagnosis & Prevalence of Trauma & Stress-Related Disorders
6.6.1. The Aetiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Biological Factors
Vulnerability Factors
Avoidance & Dissociation
Conditioning Theory
Emotional Processing Theory
‘Mental Defeat’
Dual Representation Theory
Summary
6.6.2 The Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Psychological Debriefing
Exposure Therapies
Cognitive Restructuring
6.7 ANXIETY & STRESSOR –RELATED PROBLEMS REVISITED
CHAPTER 7 – DEPRESSION & MOOD DISORDERS
Introduction
7.1 MAJOR DEPRESSION
7.1.1 THE DIAGNOSIS & PREVALENCE OF MAJOR DEPRESSION
7.1.2 THE AETIOLOGY OF MAJOR DEPRESSION
7.1.2.1 Biological Theories
Genetic Factors
Neurochemical Factors
Brain Abnormalities and Depression
Neuroendocrine Factors
Summary of Biological Theories
7.1.2.2 Psychological Theories
Psychodynamic Explanations
Behavioural Theories
Negative Cognitions and Self-Schema
Learned Helplessness and Attribution
Hopelessness Theory
Rumination Theory
7.2 BIPOLAR DISORDER
7.2.1 THE DIAGNOSIS & PREVALENCE OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
7.2.2 THE AETIOLOGY OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
7.2.2.1 Biological Theories
Genetic Factors
Neurochemical Factors
7.2.2.2 Triggers for Depression & Mania in Bipolar Disorder
7.3 THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION & MOOD DISORDERS
7.3.1 Biological Treatments
Drug Therapy
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
7.3.1 Psychological Treatments
Psychoanalysis
Social Skills Training
Behavioural Activation Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
7.4 DELIBERATE SELF-HARM
7.5 SUICIDE
7.5.1 Risk Factors for Suicide
7.5.2 Identifying and Preventing Suicide
CHAPTER 8 – EXPERIENCING PSYCHOSIS: SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM PROBLEMS
Introduction
8.1 THE NATURE OF PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
8.1.1 Delusions
8.1.2 Hallucinations
8.1.3 Disorganized Thinking (Speech)
8.1.4 Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behaviour
8.1.5 Negative Symptoms
8.2 THE DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDERS
8.2.1 Delusional Disorder
8.2.2 Brief Psychotic Disorder
8.2.3 Schizophrenia
8.2.4 Schizoaffective Disorder
8.3 THE PREVALENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDERS
8.4 THE COURSE OF PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
The Prodromal Stage
The Active Stage
The Residual Stage
8.5 THE AETIOLOGY OF PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
8.5.1 Biological Theories
Genetic Factors
Molecular Genetics
Brain Neurotransmitters
The Neuroscience of Schizophrenia
8.5.2 Psychological Theories
8.5.2.1 Psychodynamic Theories
8.5.2.2 Behavioural Theories
8.5.2.3 Cognitive Theories
8.5.2.3.1 Cognitive Deficits
8.5.2.3.2 Cognitive Biases
Attentional Biases
Attributional Biases
Reasoning Biases
Interpretational Biases
Theory of Mind (TOM)
8.5.3 Sociocultural Theories
Social Factors
Familial Factors
8.5.4 Summary of Theories of Psychotic Symptoms
8.6 THE TREATMENT OF PSYCHOSIS
8.6.1 Biological Treatments
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Psychosurgery
Antipsychotic Drugs
8.6.2 Psychological Therapies
Social Skills Training
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp)
Personal Therapy
Cognitive Remediation Training
8.6.3 Family Interventions
8.6.4 Community Care
8.6.5 Summary of Treatments for Psychosis
8.7 EXPERIENCING PSYCHOSIS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 9 – SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
Introduction
9.1 DEFINING AND DIAGNOSING SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.2 THE PREVALENCE AND COMORBIDITY OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.3.1 Alcohol Use Disorder
Alcohol Abuse & Dependence
Prevalence of Use
The Course of Alcohol Use Disorders
The Costs of Alcohol Use Disorders
Summary
9.3.2 Tobacco Use Disorder
Prevalence of Use
Tobacco Use Disorder
The Costs of Nicotine Use
9.3.3 Cannabis Use Disorder
Prevalence of Use
Cannabis Use Disorder
The Costs of Cannabis Use Disorder
9.3.4 Stimulant Use Disorders
9.3.4.1 Cocaine
Prevalence of Use
Cocaine Use Disorder
The Costs of Cocaine Use Disorder
9.3.4.2 Amphetamines
Prevalence of Use
Amphetamine Use Disorder
The Costs of Amphetamine Use Disorder
9.3.4.3 Caffeine
9.3.5 Sedative Use Disorders
9.3.5.1 Opiates
Prevalence of Use
Opioid Use Disorder
The Costs of Opioid Use Disorder
9.3.6 Hallucinogenic-Related Disorders
9.3.6.1 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Prevalence of Use
LSD Abuse & Dependency
The Costs of LSD Use
9.3.6.2 Ecstasy
Prevalence of Use
Ecstasy Regular Use
The Costs of Ecstasy Use
9.4 THE AETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.4.1 Experimentation
Availability
Familial Factors
Peer Group Influences
Media Influences
9.4.2 Regular Use
Mood Alteration Effects
Self-Medication
Long-Term Expectations & Beliefs
Cultural Variables
9.4.3 Abuse & Dependence
Genetic Predisposition
Long-Term Substance-Induced Cognitive Deficits
Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses
Poverty
9.4.4 Summary
9.5 THE TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.5.1 Community-Based Programmes
9.5.2 Behavioural Therapies
Aversion Therapy
Contingency Management Therapy
9.5.3 Cognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBT)
9.5.4 Family & Couple Therapy
9.5.5 Biological Treatments
9.5.6 Summary
9.6 SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 10 – EATING DISORDERS
Introduction
10.1 DIAGNOSIS & PREVALENCE
10.1.1 Anorexia Nervosa
10.1.2 Bulimia Nervosa
10.1.3 Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)
10.2 CULTURAL & DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN EATING DISORDERS
Cultural Differences
Demographic Factors within Cultures
10.3 THE AETIOLOGY OF EATING DISORDERS
10.3.1 Biological Factors
Genetic Influences
Neurobiological Factors
10.3.2 Sociocultural Influences
Media Influences, Body Dissatisfaction & Dieting
Peer Influences
Familial Factors
10.3.3 Experiential Factors
10.3.4 Psychological & Dispositional Factors
10.3.5 Transdiagnostic Models of Eating Disorders
10.3.6 Summary
10.4 THE TREATMENT OF EATING DISORDERS
Pharmacological Treatments
Family Therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
Prevention Programmes
10.5 EATING DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 11 – SEXUAL & GENDER PROBLEMS
Introduction
11.1 DEFINING PATHOLOGICAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
11.2 SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS
11.2.1 Diagnosis of Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.1.1 Specific Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.1.1.1 Disorders of Desire & Arousal
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Erectile Disorder
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
11.2.1.1.2 Disorders of Orgasm
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Delayed Ejaculation
Early Ejaculation
11.2.1.1.3 Sexual Pain Disorders
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
11.2.1.1.4 Summary of Specific Sexual Dysfunction Disorders
11.2.2 The Aetiology of Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.2.1 Risk Factors for Sexual Dysfunction
11.2.2.2 Theories of the Aetiology of Sexual Dysfunction
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Two-Factor Model of Masters & Johnson
Sexual Dysfunction & Interpersonal Problems
The Role of Negative Emotion & Psychopathology
Remote vs Immediate Causes
Biological Causes
Sociocultural Causes
Summary
11.2.3 The Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.3.1 Psychological & Behavioural Treatments
Direct Treatment of Symptoms
Couples Therapy
Sexual Skills & Communication Training
Self-Instructional Training
Dealing with Remote Causes
Summary of Psychological Interventions for Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.3.2 Biological Treatments
Drug Treatments
Hormone Treatments
Mechanical Devices
11.2.3.3 Summary of Treatments of Sexual Dysfunction
11.2.4 Summary of Sexual Dysfunction
11.3 PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
11.3.1 The Diagnosis & Description of Paraphilic Disorders
Fetishistic Disorder
Transvestic Disorder
Exhibitionistic Disorder
Voyeuristic Disorder
Frotteuristic Disorder
Pedophilic Disorder
Sexual Masochistic Disorder & Sexual Sadism Disorder
11.3.2 The Aetiology of Paraphilic Disorders
Risk Factors for Paraphilic Disorders
The Psychodynamic Perspective
Classical Conditioning
Childhood Abuse & neglect
Dysfunctional Beliefs, Attitudes & Schemata
Biological theories
Summary
11.3.3 The Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders
Behavioural Techniques
Cognitive Treatment
Relapse-Prevention Training
Hormonal & Drug Treatments
Summary of the Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders
11.3.4 Summary of Paraphilic Disorders
11.4 GENDER DYSPHORIA
11.4.1 Diagnosis & Description of Gender Dysphoria
11.4.2 The Aetiology of Gender Dysphoria
Biological Factors
11.4.3 The Treatment of Gender Dysphoria
Gender Reassignment Surgery
Psychological Treatments
11.4.4 Summary of Gender Dysphoria
11.5 SEXUAL AND GENDER PROBLEMS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 12 – PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Introduction
12.1 CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
12.1.1 The categorical approach to personality disorders in DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5
12.1.2 Problems with the traditional categorical model
12.1.3 DSM-5’s alternative model
Level of Personality Functioning
Pathological Personality Traits
Specific Personality Disorders
12.1.4 Summary
12.2 PERSONALITY DISORDERS & THEIR DIAGNOSIS
12.2.1 Odd/Eccentric Personality Disorders (Cluster A)
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
12.2.2 Dramatic/Emotional Personality Disorders (Cluster B)
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
12.2.3 Anxious/Fearful Personality Disorders (Cluster C)
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
12.2.4 Summary
12.3 THE PREVALENCE OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
12.4 THE AETIOLOGY OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
12.4.1 Odd/Eccentric Personality Disorders (Cluster A)
Psychodynamic Approaches
The Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
12.4.2 Dramatic/Emotional Personality Disorders (Cluster B)
12.4.2.1 Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
Childhood & Adolescent Behavioural Precursors of APD
Developmental Factors
Genetic Factors
Cognitive Models
Physiological & Neurological Factors
Summary of Theories of Antisocial Personality Disorder
12.4.2.2 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Risk Factors for Borderline Personality Disorder
Biological Theories of BPD
Psychological Theories of BPD
12.4.2.3 Narcissistic Personality Disorder
12.4.2.4 Histrionic Personality Disorder
12.4.3 Anxious/Fearful Personality Disorders
12.4.3.1 Avoidant Personality Disorder
12.4.3.2 Dependent Personality Disorder
12.4.3.3 Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
12.4.3.4 Summary of the Aetiology of Personality Disorders
12.5 TREATING PEOPLE WITH A DIAGNOSIS OF PERSONALITY DISORDER
12.5.1 Drug Treatments
12.5.2 Psychodynamic & Insight Approaches
12.5.3 Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
12.5.4 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
12.5.5 Schemata Therapy
12.5.6 Summary of Treatments for People with a Diagnosis of Personality Disorder
12.6 PERSONALITY DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 13 – SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS
Introduction
13.1 THE DIAGNOSIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Factitious Disorder
13.2 THE AETIONOLOGY OF SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS
Psychodynamic Interpretations
Consciousness and Behaviour
Risk factors for Somatic Symptom Disorders
Learning Approaches
Cognitive Factors
Sociocultural Approaches
Biological Factors
Summary
13.3 THE TREATMENT OF SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS
Psychodynamic Therapy
Behaviour Therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Drug Treatments
Summary
13.4 SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 14 – DISSOCIATIVE EXPERIENCES
Introduction
14.1 THE DIAGNOSIS & CHARACTERISTICS OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Depersonalization Disorder
14.1.2 Dissociative Disorders & PTSD
14.2 THE AETIOLOGY OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Risk Factors for Dissociative Disorders
Psychodynamic Theories
The Role of Fantasy & Dissociative Experiences
Cognitive Approaches
Biological Explanations
Dissociative Symptoms as Role-Playing and Therapeutic Constructions
Summary
14.3 THE TREATMENT OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Psychodynamic Therapy
Hypnotherapy
Drug Treatments
Summary
14.4 DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 15 – NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
Introduction
15.1 THE DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
15.1.1 Cognitive Impairments in Neurocognitive Disorders
Learning & Memory Deficits
Deficits in Attention and Arousal
Language Deficits
Deficits in Visual-Perceptual Functioning
Motor Skills Deficits
Deficits in Executive Functions
Deficits in Higher-Order Intellectual Functioning
15.1.2 Assessment in Clinical Neuropsychology
15.1.3 The Diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorders
15.1.3.1 Difficulties of Diagnosis
15.1.3.2 DSM-5 Neurocognitive Disorder Diagnostic Categories
Delirium
Major or Minor Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs)
15.1.3.3 Types of Major Neurocognitive Disorder
15.1.3.3.1 NCD due to HIV Infection
15.1.3.3.2 NCD due to Prion Disease
15.1.3.3.3 NCD due to Traumatic Brain Injury
15.1.3.3.4 Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
15.1.3.3.5 Degenerative Disorders
15.1.3.3.5.1 NCD due to Alzheimer’s Disease
Characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease
Aetiology of Alzheimer’s Disease
15.1.3.3.5.2 Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder
15.1.3.3.5.3 NCD due to Parkinson’s Disease & NCD with Lewy Bodies
15.1.3.3.5.4 NCD due to Huntington’s Disease
15.1.3.3.5.5 Summary of Types of Neurocognitive Disorder
15.2 TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION FOR NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
15.2.1 Biological Treatments
Drug Treatments
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
15.2.2 Cognitive Rehabilitation
Attention Deficits
Visuospatial Deficits
Apraxia and Deficits in Coordinated Self-Help Behaviours
Language & Communications Deficits
Memory Deficits
Deficits in Executive Functioning
Holistic Rehabilitation Methods
15.2.3 Caregiver Support Programmes
15.2.4 Summary of Treatments & Rehabilitation for Neurocognitive Disorders
15.3 NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 16 – CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Introduction
16.1 THE DIAGNOSIS & PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS: SOME GENERAL ISSUES
16.1.1 Difficulties associated with identification and diagnosis of childhood and adolescent psychological problems
16.1.2 Childhood psychopathology as the precursor of adult psychopathology
16.1.3 The prevalence of childhood & adolescent psychological disorders
16.2 DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS
16.2.1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
16.2.1.1 The Diagnosis of ADHD
16.2.1.2 The Prevalence of ADHD
16.2.1.3 The Consequences of ADHD
16.2.1.4 The Aetiology of ADHD
16.2.1.4.1 Biological Factors
Genetic Factors
Neuroscience
Prenatal Factors
Environmental Toxins
16.2.1.4.2 Psychological Factors
Parent-Child Interactions
Theory of Mind (TOM) Deficits
16.2.1.5 Summary
16.2.2 CONDUCT DISORDER
16.2.2.1 The Diagnosis of Conduct Disorder
16.2.2.2 The Prevalence and Course of Conduct Disorder
16.2.2.3 The Aetiology of Conduct Disorder
16.2.2.3.1 Biological Factors
Genetic Factors
Neuropsychological deficits
Prenatal Factors
16.2.2.3.2 Psychological Factors
The Family Environment and Parent-Child Relationships
Media and Peer Influences
Cognitive Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
16.2.2.4 Summary
16.3CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT ANXIETY & DEPRESSION
16.3.1 Childhood Anxiety
16.3.1.1 The Features and Characteristics of Childhood & Adolescent Anxiety
Separation Anxiety
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Specific Phobias
16.3.1.2 The Aetiology of Childhood & Adolescent Anxiety Disorders
Genetic Factors
Trauma and Stress Experiences
Modelling and Exposure to Information
Parenting Style
16.3.2 Childhood & Adolescent Depression
16.3.2.1 The Diagnosis and Prevalence of Childhood Depression
16.3.2.2 The Aetiology of Childhood Depression
Risk Factors for Childhood Depression
Genetic Factors
Psychological Factors
16.4 THE TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
16.4.1 Drug Treatments
16.4.2 Behaviour Therapy
16.4.3 Family Interventions
16.4.4 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
16.4.5 Play Therapy
16.4.6 Summary
16.5 CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 17 – NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Introduction
17.1 THE CATEGORIZATION AND LABELLING OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
17.2 SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES
17.2.1 Specific Learning Disorder
Dyslexia
Dyscalculia
17.2.2 Communication Disorders
Language Disorder
Speech Sound Disorder
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
17.2.3 The Aetiology of Specific Learning Disabilities
17.2.3.1 Dyslexia
Genetic Factors
Cognitive Factors
Brain Abnormalities
17.2.3.2 Dyscalculia
17.2.3.3 Communication Disorders
17.2.4 The Treatment of Specific Learning Disabilities
17.2.5 Summary of Specific Learning Disabilities
17.3 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
17.3.1 DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability
17.3.2 Alternative Approaches to Defining Intellectual Disability
17.3.3 The Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities
17.3.4 The Aetiology of Intellectual Disabilities
17.3.4.1 Biological Causes
Chromosomal Disorders
Metabolic Disorders
Peri-Natal Causes
17.3.4.2 Childhood Causes
17.3.4.3 Summary
17.3.5 Interventions for Intellectual Disabilities
17.3.5.1 Prevention Strategies
17.3.5.2 Training Procedures
17.3.5.3 Inclusion Strategies
17.3.5.4 Summary of Interventions for Intellectual Disabilities
17.3.6 Summary of Intellectual Disabilities
17.4 AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)
17.4.1 The Characteristics of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Impairments of Reciprocal Social Interaction
Impairments in Communication
Impairments in Imagination and Flexibility of Thought
Intellectual Deficits
17.4.2. The Diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.3 The Prevalence of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.4 The Aetiology of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.4.1 Biological Causes
Genetic Factors
Biochemical Factors
Peri-Natal Factors
Brain Abnormalities
17.4.4.2 Cognitive Factors
Deficits in Executive Functioning
Theory of Mind (TOM) Deficits
The Empathizing-Systematizing Theory
17.4.4.3 Summary of the Aetiology of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.5 Interventions and Care for Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.5.1 Difficulties in the Treatment of Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.5.2 Drug Treatments
17.4.5.3 Behavioural Training Methods
17.4.5.4 Inclusion Strategies
17.4.5.5 Summary of Interventions for Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.6 Summary of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.5 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 1 – AN INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: CONCEPTS, PARADIGMS & STIGMA
Introduction
1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
1.1.1 Demonic Possession
1.1.2 The Medical or Disease Model
1.1.3 From Asylums to Community Care
1.1.4 Summary
1.2 DEFINING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
1.2.1 Deviation from the Statistical Norm
1.2.2 Deviation from Social & Political Norms
1.2.3 Maladaptive Behaviour & Harmful Dysfunction
1.2.4 Distress & Disability
1.2.6 Summary
1.3 EXPLANATORY APPROACHES TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
1.3.1 Biological Models
1.3.1.1 Genetics
1.3.1.2 Neuroscience
Brain Structure & Function
Brain Neurotransmitters
1.3.1.3 Summary
1.3.2 Psychological Models
1.3.2.1 The Psychoanalytical or Psychodynamic Model
1.3.2.2 The Behavioural Model
1.3.2.3 The Cognitive Model
1.3.2.4 The Humanist-Existential Approach
1.4 MENTAL HEALTH & STIGMA
What is Mental Health Stigma?
Who Holds Stigmatizing Beliefs about Mental Health Problems?
What Factors Cause Stigma?
Why Does Stigma Matter?
How Can we Eliminate Stigma?
Summary
CHAPTER 2 – CLASSIFICATION & ASSESSMENT IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction
2.1 CLASSIFYING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
2.1.1 The Development of Classification Systems
2.1.2 DSM-5
Defining & Diagnosing Psychopathology
General Problems with Classification
Changes in DSM-5
Criticisms of Changes in DSM-5
2.1.3 Conclusions
2.2 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
2.2.1 The Reliability and Validity of Assessment Methods
2.2.1.1 Reliability
2.2.1.2 Validity
2.2.2 Clinical Interviews
The Nature of Clinical Interviews
Structured Interviews
Limitations of the Clinical Interview
2.2.3 Psychological Tests
Personality Inventories
Specific Trait Inventories
Projective Tests
Intelligence Tests
Neurological Impairment Tests
2.2.4 Biologically-Based Assessments`
Psychophysiological Tests
Neuroimaging Techniques
2.2.5 Clinical Observation
2.2.6 Cultural Bias in Assessment
Examples of Cultural Anomalies in Assessment and Diagnosis
Causes of Cultural Anomalies in Assessment and Diagnosis
Addressing Cultural Anomalies in Assessment and Diagnosis
2.3 CASE FORMULATION
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction
3.1 RESEARCH AND SCIENCE
3.1.1 What is Research?
3.1.2 Scientific Method
3.2 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH – WHAT DO WE WANT TO FIND OUT?
3.2.1 How does clinical psychology research help us to understand psychopathology?
3.2.2 What questions do clinical psychologists use research to try and answer?
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGNS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
3.3.1 Correlational Designs
3.3.2 Longitudinal Studies and Prospective Designs
3.3.3 Epidemiological Studies
3.3.4 Experimental Designs
3.3.4.1 Basic Features of the Experimental Method
3.3.4.2 Uses of the Experiment in Clinical Psychology Research
3.3.4.3 Summary
3.3.5 Mixed Designs
3.3.6 Natural Experiments
3.3.7 Single Case Studies
3.3.7.1 Case Studies
3.3.7.2 Single-Case Experiments
3.3.8 Meta-analyses & Systematic Reviews
3.3.9 Qualitative Methods
3.3.9.1 Conducting and Analysing Qualitative Studies
3.3.9.2 Summary
3.3.10 Summary of Research Designs in Clinical Psychology
3.4 ETHICAL ISSUES IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH
3.4.1 Informed Consent
3.4.2 Causing Distress or Withholding Benefits
3.4.3 Privacy and Confidentiality
3.4.4 Summary of Ethical Issues
3.5 RESEARCH METHODS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY REVISITED
CHAPTER 4 – TREATING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Introduction
4.1 THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF TREATMENTS FOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
4.1.1 Theoretical Approaches to Treatment
4.1.1.1 Psychodynamic Approaches
4.1.1.2 Behaviour Therapy
Therapies based on Classical Conditioning Principles
Therapies based on Operant Conditioning Principles
4.1.1.3 Cognitive Therapies
The Origins of Cognitive Therapy
‘Waves’ of CBT
4.1.1.4 Humanistic Therapies
4.1.1.5 Family & Systemic Therapies
4.1.1.6 Drug Treatments
Drug Treatments for Depression
Drug Treatments for Anxiety
Drug Treatments for Psychosis
Problems with Drug Treatments
4.1.1.7 Summary of Theoretical Approaches to Treatment
4.1.2 Modes of Treatment Delivery
Group Therapy
Counselling
Computerized CBT (CCBT)
E-Therapy
“Telepsychiatry” – Therapy by telephone & Videoconferencing
Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT)
Summary
4.2 EVALUATING TREATMENT
4.2.1 Factors affecting the Evaluation of Treatments
Spontaneous Remission
Placebo Effects
Unstructured Attention, Understanding & Caring
4.2.2 Methods of Assessing the Effectiveness of Treatments
4.2.2.1 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
What are RCTs?
Problems with RCTs
4.2.2.2 Meta-analyses & Systematic Reviews
4.2.3 What Treatments are Effective?
Is Treatment more Effective than No Treatment?
4.2.4 Summary
4.3 TREATING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY REVIEWED
CHAPTER 5 – CLINICAL PRACTICE
Introduction
5.1 THE ECONOMIC COST OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
5.2 WHO ARE MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS?
5.3 PROVIDING MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
5.3.1 What Facilities are Available?
5.3.2 How are Mental Health Services Structured?
5.3.3 The Recovery Model
5.4 THE ROLE OF THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
5.4.1 Key Capabilities & Competencies
5.4.2 The Reflective Practitioner Model
5.4.3 Regulation & Continuing Professional Development
5.4.4 Training to be a Clinical Psychologist
5.4.4.1 Pre-Training Qualifications & Experiences
5.4.4.2 Clinical Training
5.5 CLINICAL PRACTICE REVIEWED
PART 2 – PSYCHOPATHOLOGY & PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
CHAPTER 6 – ANXIETY & STRESSOR-RELATED PROBLEMS
Introduction
Anxiety as a Comorbid Condition
6.1 SPECIFIC PHOBIAS
Prevalence
Common Phobias
6.1.1 The Aetiology of Specific Phobias
Psychoanalytic Accounts
Classical Conditioning & Phobias
Biological Accounts of Phobias – The Role of Evolution
Biological Accounts of Phobias – Neuroimaging Studies
Multiple Pathways to Phobias
6.1.2 The Treatment of Specific Phobias
6.2 SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER
Prevalence
6.2.1 The Aetiology of Social Anxiety Disorder
Genetic Factors
Familial & Developmental Factors
Cognitive Factors
6.2.2 The Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder
6.3 PANIC DISORDER & AGORAPHOBIA
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia
Prevalence
6.3.1 The Aetiology of Panic Disorder & Agoraphobia
6.3.1.1 The Aetiology of Panic Disorder
6.3.1.1.1 Biological Theories of Panic Disorder
The Role of Hyperventilation
Noradrenergic Overactivity
6.3.1.1.2 Psychological Theories of Panic Disorder
Classical Conditioning
Anxiety Sensitivity
Catastrophic Misinterpretation of Bodily Sensations
The Role of Safety Behaviours
Summary
6.3.2 The Treatment of Panic Disorder
6.4 GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD)
Diagnosis & Prevalence
6.4.1 The Aetiology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
6.4.1.1 Biological Theories
6.4.1.2 Psychological Theories
Information Processing in GAD
Beliefs, Meta-Beliefs & the Function of Worry
Dispositional Characteristics of Worriers
6.4.2 The Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
6.4.2.1 Pharmacological Treatments
6.4.2.2 Psychological Treatments
Stimulus Control Treatment
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
6.5 OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)
Diagnosis & Prevalence
OCD-Related Disorders
6.5.1 The Aetiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
6.5.1.1 Biological Factors
6.5.1.2 Psychological Factors
6.5.1.2.1 Memory Deficits
6.5.1.2.2 Clinical Constructs & OCD
Inflated Responsibility
Thought-Action Fusion
Mental Contamination
6.5.1.2.3 Thought Suppression
6.5.1.2.4 Perseveration & the Role of Mood
6.5.1.2.5 Summary
6.5.2 The Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Exposure & Ritual Prevention Treatments (EPR)
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
Pharmacological & Neurosurgical Treatments
6.6 TRAUMA & STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS
Diagnosis & Prevalence of Trauma & Stress-Related Disorders
6.6.1. The Aetiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Biological Factors
Vulnerability Factors
Avoidance & Dissociation
Conditioning Theory
Emotional Processing Theory
‘Mental Defeat’
Dual Representation Theory
Summary
6.6.2 The Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Psychological Debriefing
Exposure Therapies
Cognitive Restructuring
6.7 ANXIETY & STRESSOR –RELATED PROBLEMS REVISITED
CHAPTER 7 – DEPRESSION & MOOD DISORDERS
Introduction
7.1 MAJOR DEPRESSION
7.1.1 THE DIAGNOSIS & PREVALENCE OF MAJOR DEPRESSION
7.1.2 THE AETIOLOGY OF MAJOR DEPRESSION
7.1.2.1 Biological Theories
Genetic Factors
Neurochemical Factors
Brain Abnormalities and Depression
Neuroendocrine Factors
Summary of Biological Theories
7.1.2.2 Psychological Theories
Psychodynamic Explanations
Behavioural Theories
Negative Cognitions and Self-Schema
Learned Helplessness and Attribution
Hopelessness Theory
Rumination Theory
7.2 BIPOLAR DISORDER
7.2.1 THE DIAGNOSIS & PREVALENCE OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
7.2.2 THE AETIOLOGY OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
7.2.2.1 Biological Theories
Genetic Factors
Neurochemical Factors
7.2.2.2 Triggers for Depression & Mania in Bipolar Disorder
7.3 THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION & MOOD DISORDERS
7.3.1 Biological Treatments
Drug Therapy
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
7.3.1 Psychological Treatments
Psychoanalysis
Social Skills Training
Behavioural Activation Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
7.4 DELIBERATE SELF-HARM
7.5 SUICIDE
7.5.1 Risk Factors for Suicide
7.5.2 Identifying and Preventing Suicide
CHAPTER 8 – EXPERIENCING PSYCHOSIS: SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM PROBLEMS
Introduction
8.1 THE NATURE OF PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
8.1.1 Delusions
8.1.2 Hallucinations
8.1.3 Disorganized Thinking (Speech)
8.1.4 Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behaviour
8.1.5 Negative Symptoms
8.2 THE DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDERS
8.2.1 Delusional Disorder
8.2.2 Brief Psychotic Disorder
8.2.3 Schizophrenia
8.2.4 Schizoaffective Disorder
8.3 THE PREVALENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDERS
8.4 THE COURSE OF PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
The Prodromal Stage
The Active Stage
The Residual Stage
8.5 THE AETIOLOGY OF PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
8.5.1 Biological Theories
Genetic Factors
Molecular Genetics
Brain Neurotransmitters
The Neuroscience of Schizophrenia
8.5.2 Psychological Theories
8.5.2.1 Psychodynamic Theories
8.5.2.2 Behavioural Theories
8.5.2.3 Cognitive Theories
8.5.2.3.1 Cognitive Deficits
8.5.2.3.2 Cognitive Biases
Attentional Biases
Attributional Biases
Reasoning Biases
Interpretational Biases
Theory of Mind (TOM)
8.5.3 Sociocultural Theories
Social Factors
Familial Factors
8.5.4 Summary of Theories of Psychotic Symptoms
8.6 THE TREATMENT OF PSYCHOSIS
8.6.1 Biological Treatments
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Psychosurgery
Antipsychotic Drugs
8.6.2 Psychological Therapies
Social Skills Training
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp)
Personal Therapy
Cognitive Remediation Training
8.6.3 Family Interventions
8.6.4 Community Care
8.6.5 Summary of Treatments for Psychosis
8.7 EXPERIENCING PSYCHOSIS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 9 – SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
Introduction
9.1 DEFINING AND DIAGNOSING SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.2 THE PREVALENCE AND COMORBIDITY OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.3.1 Alcohol Use Disorder
Alcohol Abuse & Dependence
Prevalence of Use
The Course of Alcohol Use Disorders
The Costs of Alcohol Use Disorders
Summary
9.3.2 Tobacco Use Disorder
Prevalence of Use
Tobacco Use Disorder
The Costs of Nicotine Use
9.3.3 Cannabis Use Disorder
Prevalence of Use
Cannabis Use Disorder
The Costs of Cannabis Use Disorder
9.3.4 Stimulant Use Disorders
9.3.4.1 Cocaine
Prevalence of Use
Cocaine Use Disorder
The Costs of Cocaine Use Disorder
9.3.4.2 Amphetamines
Prevalence of Use
Amphetamine Use Disorder
The Costs of Amphetamine Use Disorder
9.3.4.3 Caffeine
9.3.5 Sedative Use Disorders
9.3.5.1 Opiates
Prevalence of Use
Opioid Use Disorder
The Costs of Opioid Use Disorder
9.3.6 Hallucinogenic-Related Disorders
9.3.6.1 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Prevalence of Use
LSD Abuse & Dependency
The Costs of LSD Use
9.3.6.2 Ecstasy
Prevalence of Use
Ecstasy Regular Use
The Costs of Ecstasy Use
9.4 THE AETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.4.1 Experimentation
Availability
Familial Factors
Peer Group Influences
Media Influences
9.4.2 Regular Use
Mood Alteration Effects
Self-Medication
Long-Term Expectations & Beliefs
Cultural Variables
9.4.3 Abuse & Dependence
Genetic Predisposition
Long-Term Substance-Induced Cognitive Deficits
Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses
Poverty
9.4.4 Summary
9.5 THE TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.5.1 Community-Based Programmes
9.5.2 Behavioural Therapies
Aversion Therapy
Contingency Management Therapy
9.5.3 Cognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBT)
9.5.4 Family & Couple Therapy
9.5.5 Biological Treatments
9.5.6 Summary
9.6 SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 10 – EATING DISORDERS
Introduction
10.1 DIAGNOSIS & PREVALENCE
10.1.1 Anorexia Nervosa
10.1.2 Bulimia Nervosa
10.1.3 Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)
10.2 CULTURAL & DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN EATING DISORDERS
Cultural Differences
Demographic Factors within Cultures
10.3 THE AETIOLOGY OF EATING DISORDERS
10.3.1 Biological Factors
Genetic Influences
Neurobiological Factors
10.3.2 Sociocultural Influences
Media Influences, Body Dissatisfaction & Dieting
Peer Influences
Familial Factors
10.3.3 Experiential Factors
10.3.4 Psychological & Dispositional Factors
10.3.5 Transdiagnostic Models of Eating Disorders
10.3.6 Summary
10.4 THE TREATMENT OF EATING DISORDERS
Pharmacological Treatments
Family Therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
Prevention Programmes
10.5 EATING DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 11 – SEXUAL & GENDER PROBLEMS
Introduction
11.1 DEFINING PATHOLOGICAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
11.2 SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS
11.2.1 Diagnosis of Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.1.1 Specific Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.1.1.1 Disorders of Desire & Arousal
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Erectile Disorder
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
11.2.1.1.2 Disorders of Orgasm
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Delayed Ejaculation
Early Ejaculation
11.2.1.1.3 Sexual Pain Disorders
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
11.2.1.1.4 Summary of Specific Sexual Dysfunction Disorders
11.2.2 The Aetiology of Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.2.1 Risk Factors for Sexual Dysfunction
11.2.2.2 Theories of the Aetiology of Sexual Dysfunction
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Two-Factor Model of Masters & Johnson
Sexual Dysfunction & Interpersonal Problems
The Role of Negative Emotion & Psychopathology
Remote vs Immediate Causes
Biological Causes
Sociocultural Causes
Summary
11.2.3 The Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.3.1 Psychological & Behavioural Treatments
Direct Treatment of Symptoms
Couples Therapy
Sexual Skills & Communication Training
Self-Instructional Training
Dealing with Remote Causes
Summary of Psychological Interventions for Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.3.2 Biological Treatments
Drug Treatments
Hormone Treatments
Mechanical Devices
11.2.3.3 Summary of Treatments of Sexual Dysfunction
11.2.4 Summary of Sexual Dysfunction
11.3 PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
11.3.1 The Diagnosis & Description of Paraphilic Disorders
Fetishistic Disorder
Transvestic Disorder
Exhibitionistic Disorder
Voyeuristic Disorder
Frotteuristic Disorder
Pedophilic Disorder
Sexual Masochistic Disorder & Sexual Sadism Disorder
11.3.2 The Aetiology of Paraphilic Disorders
Risk Factors for Paraphilic Disorders
The Psychodynamic Perspective
Classical Conditioning
Childhood Abuse & neglect
Dysfunctional Beliefs, Attitudes & Schemata
Biological theories
Summary
11.3.3 The Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders
Behavioural Techniques
Cognitive Treatment
Relapse-Prevention Training
Hormonal & Drug Treatments
Summary of the Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders
11.3.4 Summary of Paraphilic Disorders
11.4 GENDER DYSPHORIA
11.4.1 Diagnosis & Description of Gender Dysphoria
11.4.2 The Aetiology of Gender Dysphoria
Biological Factors
11.4.3 The Treatment of Gender Dysphoria
Gender Reassignment Surgery
Psychological Treatments
11.4.4 Summary of Gender Dysphoria
11.5 SEXUAL AND GENDER PROBLEMS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 12 – PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Introduction
12.1 CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
12.1.1 The categorical approach to personality disorders in DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5
12.1.2 Problems with the traditional categorical model
12.1.3 DSM-5’s alternative model
Level of Personality Functioning
Pathological Personality Traits
Specific Personality Disorders
12.1.4 Summary
12.2 PERSONALITY DISORDERS & THEIR DIAGNOSIS
12.2.1 Odd/Eccentric Personality Disorders (Cluster A)
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
12.2.2 Dramatic/Emotional Personality Disorders (Cluster B)
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
12.2.3 Anxious/Fearful Personality Disorders (Cluster C)
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
12.2.4 Summary
12.3 THE PREVALENCE OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
12.4 THE AETIOLOGY OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
12.4.1 Odd/Eccentric Personality Disorders (Cluster A)
Psychodynamic Approaches
The Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
12.4.2 Dramatic/Emotional Personality Disorders (Cluster B)
12.4.2.1 Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
Childhood & Adolescent Behavioural Precursors of APD
Developmental Factors
Genetic Factors
Cognitive Models
Physiological & Neurological Factors
Summary of Theories of Antisocial Personality Disorder
12.4.2.2 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Risk Factors for Borderline Personality Disorder
Biological Theories of BPD
Psychological Theories of BPD
12.4.2.3 Narcissistic Personality Disorder
12.4.2.4 Histrionic Personality Disorder
12.4.3 Anxious/Fearful Personality Disorders
12.4.3.1 Avoidant Personality Disorder
12.4.3.2 Dependent Personality Disorder
12.4.3.3 Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
12.4.3.4 Summary of the Aetiology of Personality Disorders
12.5 TREATING PEOPLE WITH A DIAGNOSIS OF PERSONALITY DISORDER
12.5.1 Drug Treatments
12.5.2 Psychodynamic & Insight Approaches
12.5.3 Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
12.5.4 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
12.5.5 Schemata Therapy
12.5.6 Summary of Treatments for People with a Diagnosis of Personality Disorder
12.6 PERSONALITY DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 13 – SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS
Introduction
13.1 THE DIAGNOSIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Factitious Disorder
13.2 THE AETIONOLOGY OF SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS
Psychodynamic Interpretations
Consciousness and Behaviour
Risk factors for Somatic Symptom Disorders
Learning Approaches
Cognitive Factors
Sociocultural Approaches
Biological Factors
Summary
13.3 THE TREATMENT OF SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS
Psychodynamic Therapy
Behaviour Therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Drug Treatments
Summary
13.4 SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 14 – DISSOCIATIVE EXPERIENCES
Introduction
14.1 THE DIAGNOSIS & CHARACTERISTICS OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Depersonalization Disorder
14.1.2 Dissociative Disorders & PTSD
14.2 THE AETIOLOGY OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Risk Factors for Dissociative Disorders
Psychodynamic Theories
The Role of Fantasy & Dissociative Experiences
Cognitive Approaches
Biological Explanations
Dissociative Symptoms as Role-Playing and Therapeutic Constructions
Summary
14.3 THE TREATMENT OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Psychodynamic Therapy
Hypnotherapy
Drug Treatments
Summary
14.4 DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 15 – NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
Introduction
15.1 THE DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
15.1.1 Cognitive Impairments in Neurocognitive Disorders
Learning & Memory Deficits
Deficits in Attention and Arousal
Language Deficits
Deficits in Visual-Perceptual Functioning
Motor Skills Deficits
Deficits in Executive Functions
Deficits in Higher-Order Intellectual Functioning
15.1.2 Assessment in Clinical Neuropsychology
15.1.3 The Diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorders
15.1.3.1 Difficulties of Diagnosis
15.1.3.2 DSM-5 Neurocognitive Disorder Diagnostic Categories
Delirium
Major or Minor Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs)
15.1.3.3 Types of Major Neurocognitive Disorder
15.1.3.3.1 NCD due to HIV Infection
15.1.3.3.2 NCD due to Prion Disease
15.1.3.3.3 NCD due to Traumatic Brain Injury
15.1.3.3.4 Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
15.1.3.3.5 Degenerative Disorders
15.1.3.3.5.1 NCD due to Alzheimer’s Disease
Characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease
Aetiology of Alzheimer’s Disease
15.1.3.3.5.2 Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder
15.1.3.3.5.3 NCD due to Parkinson’s Disease & NCD with Lewy Bodies
15.1.3.3.5.4 NCD due to Huntington’s Disease
15.1.3.3.5.5 Summary of Types of Neurocognitive Disorder
15.2 TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION FOR NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
15.2.1 Biological Treatments
Drug Treatments
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
15.2.2 Cognitive Rehabilitation
Attention Deficits
Visuospatial Deficits
Apraxia and Deficits in Coordinated Self-Help Behaviours
Language & Communications Deficits
Memory Deficits
Deficits in Executive Functioning
Holistic Rehabilitation Methods
15.2.3 Caregiver Support Programmes
15.2.4 Summary of Treatments & Rehabilitation for Neurocognitive Disorders
15.3 NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 16 – CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Introduction
16.1 THE DIAGNOSIS & PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS: SOME GENERAL ISSUES
16.1.1 Difficulties associated with identification and diagnosis of childhood and adolescent psychological problems
16.1.2 Childhood psychopathology as the precursor of adult psychopathology
16.1.3 The prevalence of childhood & adolescent psychological disorders
16.2 DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS
16.2.1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
16.2.1.1 The Diagnosis of ADHD
16.2.1.2 The Prevalence of ADHD
16.2.1.3 The Consequences of ADHD
16.2.1.4 The Aetiology of ADHD
16.2.1.4.1 Biological Factors
Genetic Factors
Neuroscience
Prenatal Factors
Environmental Toxins
16.2.1.4.2 Psychological Factors
Parent-Child Interactions
Theory of Mind (TOM) Deficits
16.2.1.5 Summary
16.2.2 CONDUCT DISORDER
16.2.2.1 The Diagnosis of Conduct Disorder
16.2.2.2 The Prevalence and Course of Conduct Disorder
16.2.2.3 The Aetiology of Conduct Disorder
16.2.2.3.1 Biological Factors
Genetic Factors
Neuropsychological deficits
Prenatal Factors
16.2.2.3.2 Psychological Factors
The Family Environment and Parent-Child Relationships
Media and Peer Influences
Cognitive Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
16.2.2.4 Summary
16.3CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT ANXIETY & DEPRESSION
16.3.1 Childhood Anxiety
16.3.1.1 The Features and Characteristics of Childhood & Adolescent Anxiety
Separation Anxiety
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Specific Phobias
16.3.1.2 The Aetiology of Childhood & Adolescent Anxiety Disorders
Genetic Factors
Trauma and Stress Experiences
Modelling and Exposure to Information
Parenting Style
16.3.2 Childhood & Adolescent Depression
16.3.2.1 The Diagnosis and Prevalence of Childhood Depression
16.3.2.2 The Aetiology of Childhood Depression
Risk Factors for Childhood Depression
Genetic Factors
Psychological Factors
16.4 THE TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
16.4.1 Drug Treatments
16.4.2 Behaviour Therapy
16.4.3 Family Interventions
16.4.4 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
16.4.5 Play Therapy
16.4.6 Summary
16.5 CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS REVIEWED
CHAPTER 17 – NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Introduction
17.1 THE CATEGORIZATION AND LABELLING OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
17.2 SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES
17.2.1 Specific Learning Disorder
Dyslexia
Dyscalculia
17.2.2 Communication Disorders
Language Disorder
Speech Sound Disorder
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
17.2.3 The Aetiology of Specific Learning Disabilities
17.2.3.1 Dyslexia
Genetic Factors
Cognitive Factors
Brain Abnormalities
17.2.3.2 Dyscalculia
17.2.3.3 Communication Disorders
17.2.4 The Treatment of Specific Learning Disabilities
17.2.5 Summary of Specific Learning Disabilities
17.3 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
17.3.1 DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability
17.3.2 Alternative Approaches to Defining Intellectual Disability
17.3.3 The Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities
17.3.4 The Aetiology of Intellectual Disabilities
17.3.4.1 Biological Causes
Chromosomal Disorders
Metabolic Disorders
Peri-Natal Causes
17.3.4.2 Childhood Causes
17.3.4.3 Summary
17.3.5 Interventions for Intellectual Disabilities
17.3.5.1 Prevention Strategies
17.3.5.2 Training Procedures
17.3.5.3 Inclusion Strategies
17.3.5.4 Summary of Interventions for Intellectual Disabilities
17.3.6 Summary of Intellectual Disabilities
17.4 AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)
17.4.1 The Characteristics of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Impairments of Reciprocal Social Interaction
Impairments in Communication
Impairments in Imagination and Flexibility of Thought
Intellectual Deficits
17.4.2. The Diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.3 The Prevalence of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.4 The Aetiology of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.4.1 Biological Causes
Genetic Factors
Biochemical Factors
Peri-Natal Factors
Brain Abnormalities
17.4.4.2 Cognitive Factors
Deficits in Executive Functioning
Theory of Mind (TOM) Deficits
The Empathizing-Systematizing Theory
17.4.4.3 Summary of the Aetiology of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.5 Interventions and Care for Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.5.1 Difficulties in the Treatment of Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.5.2 Drug Treatments
17.4.5.3 Behavioural Training Methods
17.4.5.4 Inclusion Strategies
17.4.5.5 Summary of Interventions for Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.6 Summary of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.5 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REVIEWED